Differences between current theories of investing assessment Essays

Differences between current theories of investing assessment Essays Differences between current theories of investing assessment Essay Differences between current theories of investing assessment Essay Internal Rate of Return ( IRR ) , Accounting Rate of Return ( ARR ) and the Payback Period Methods. In recent old ages at that place has been a turning spread from the theoretical protagonism of some of these methods and their existent usage by houses. This paper will look to measure such claims and see the factors that are doing this displacement. The Net Present Value ( NPV ) is one of many methods used to measure investing undertakings utilizing discounted hard currency flows. Under the NPV method, investing undertakings are viewed as holding a watercourse of forecasted hard currency influxs and escapes over the life of the project’s economic life. It assumes that other than these hard currency flows, there are no other effects impacting the undertaking, and hence merely discounted hard currency flows are taken into history. [ 1 ] NPV focuses on undertakings that maximize the net present value of all hard currency flows generated for the company, more officially it isthe net pecuniary addition ( or loss ) from a undertaking, computed by dismissing all present and future hard currency influxs and escapes related to the project. [ 2 ] Using NPV all future hard currency flows from the undertaking are discounted at a rateI, back to clip 0 which is the start of the undertaking. A undertaking is considered profitable if its NPV is greater than zero and comparative to another undertaking the 1 with the higher NPV is preferred over the alternate undertaking. [ 3 ] NPV is academically preferred over other investing assessment methods for several grounds. NPV is simple to cipher and to get at an unambiguous concluding determination. NPV besides takes into history the clip value of money by dismissing hard currency flows thereby taking into history the clip value of money. Additionally, its usage of hard currency flows alternatively of accounting net incomes means that it is able to account for the sum and timing of hard currency flows from the undertaking every bit good as accounting for all of the hard currency flows over the life of the undertaking. [ 4 ] The NPV besides incorporates hazard into the determination devising procedure through the accommodation of the investment’s price reduction rate. [ 5 ] Pike and Neale maintain that the NPV increases a firm’s market value and therefore the shareholders’ interest because directors merely accept undertakings which offer positive net nowadays values when discounted at tantamo unt market rates of involvement. [ 6 ] Some of the challenges faced by investors when utilizing NPV is gauging the value of hard currency influxs and escapes over the life of the undertaking. Second, NPV method is merely recognized when its value is positive in a perfect capital market environment in which there are no limitations on the handiness of finance. However, in world markets are restricted or rationed thereby restricting the pertinence of its determination regulation. The NPV besides assumes that company’s cost of capital is known and is changeless over the life of the undertaking. However, in world it is hard to gauge and choose an appropriate price reduction rate. Furthermore, it is improbable to stay changeless over the life of the undertaking due to the of all time changing nature of the economic environment. [ 7 ] The Internal Rate of Return ( IRR ) isthe rate that equates the cost and benefit of the undertaking in footings of present value. [ 8 ] It is the rate at which the NPV peers zero and hence is the maximal cost of financing the undertaking or investing. Given that the rate refers merely to the project’s internal factors, no external factors are considered in this assessment method. This can be seen as an advantage in that it does non necessitate the computation of a complex price reduction rate [ 9 ] , on the other manus it besides means that it does non account for altering market environments. Undertakings are accepted utilizing this method when the IRR is greater than the return required by the investor. On the other manus, if the IRR is less than the riskless rate of return, the undertaking is rejected. [ 10 ] Some of the drawbacks to this method include its premise that grosss are reinvested and the equivocal root consequences when mark reversal occurs more than one time in the project’s hard currency flows. It besides assumes that the rate of loaning and adoption are the same and it assumes an equal cost of capital throughout the project’s life, which is unrealistic. [ 11 ] Luenberger maintains that both the NPV and IRR methods have appropriate topographic points in investing assessment but in different conditions. [ 12 ] One of the cardinal strengths of the NPV is its comparing of theinvestment with the rate of return of normal funding channels, and therefore creates a healthier state of affairs of comparing in contemplating the feasibleness of the investment. [ 13 ] Conversely, the IRR can be applied when the investing needs to be repeatedly reinvested in the same undertaking. Whilst it possibly disputing to get at the price reduction rate for the NPV, consideration for the clip value of money is of import in the assessment procedure. Furthermore, the cost of capital is an of import manner of placing the efficiency with which an investor’s capital is invested. [ 14 ] Additionally, the NPV does non get at any equivocal roots, unlike the IRR. [ 15 ] However, harmonizing to Kuronen, neither the NPV nor the IRR methods are able to capture the stock holder value created by the investing. [ 16 ] The payback investing assessment method is normally the 1 used foremost to filtrate out possible undertakings. It asks investors the inquiryhow long will it take for the undertaking to pay back its cost? . [ 17 ] In some instances, companies will hold a mark payback day of the month which will ensue in their rejecting undertakings which do non run into it. The payback method thereby provides a speedy manner in which to measure the hazard of the undertaking. It will ever supply clear consequences and its advocators believe that it identifies less hazardous undertakings or the undertakings which will be invested for the least sum of clip. [ 18 ] Harmonizing to CIMA, undertakings should non be accepted entirely on the footing of the payback method and investors should utilize a more sophisticated assessment technique. The popularity of the payback method has been worsening since the 1970s due to increased consciousness of its restrictions. One such restriction harmonizing to Kuronen is the fact that it does non take into history the possible net income degrees that may be achieved by the investing. Second it wholly ignores the timing of the rate of returns. Companies that do utilize it, do so in combination with other methods. [ 19 ] Remer and Nieto find that usage of the payback method has wholly diminished [ 20 ] , which contrast with the findings of Jahnke and Simons who find grounds to propose that payback is in fact used rather on a regular basis. They find that the bulk of houses use it in combination with other methods whereas little houses rely on it as a individual standard. [ 21 ] Another assessment method used by investors is the Accounting Rate of Return ( ARR ) which compares the mean one-year net income degrees of a undertaking wit its initial investing, expressed as a per centum. ARR accepts undertakings which have an ARR higher than a preset rate of return. This method uses accounting flows instead than hard currency flows, unlike the NPV which means that it looks at the impact of future reported net incomes from a undertaking. The cardinal disadvantages of ARR is that it does non take into history the timing of hard currency flows and the cost of funding and it does non look to maximize stockholder wealth but instead accounting net incomes, unlike NPV. Additionally, ARR has a inclination to pick up irrelevant informations because it is based on accounting net incomes which means it will apportion a portion of operating expenses to countries that the undertaking may non be undertaken. McLaney therefore maintains that this method is improbable to be used extensively by investors because it is likely to take to hapless determinations. [ 22 ] Conversely, Irons believes that it is a widely used assessment method because in add-on to the aforesaid advantages, informations is readily available to cipher it. [ 23 ] One survey by Sangster finds that companies today use the traditional methods of discounting hard currency flow techniques more than they use accounting rate of return. [ 24 ] While there is grounds to corroborate that the NPV and IRR are still being used by investors as major investing assessment techniques [ 25 ] , other surveies are happening an increasing deficiency of their existent usage by companies. A survey by Akalu finds only15 per centum of respondents rated standard assessment methods as being very good’ in footings of preciseness and 19 per centum of respondents rated them very good’ at supplying the promised value. Akalu argues that these consequences do non compare at all with the text edition statement for NPV or IRR appraisal methods which would hold rated them as high’ . The findings hence indicate agap between the theoretical and pattern of capital budgeting[ 26 ] and that these methods areunable to supply the promised undertaking value to shar eholders .[ 27 ] A turning tendency towards the usage of a combination of appraisal methods was found, irrespective of the project’s life span and required capital outgo. The survey besides revealed that as the life span and capital disbursement increased, more quantitative and advanced assessment methods were used. [ 28 ] These findings are supported by a survey carried out by Pike which show that the usage of a individual assessment method has been worsening from 31 per centum in 1975 to 4 per centum in 1992. In contrast, the usage of a combination of three assessment methods has increased from 22 per centum to 32 per centum and rose by even greater, 11 per centum to 32 per centum for the four theoretical account combination. [ 29 ] Harmonizing to Akalu, the motives behind the increased usage of a combination of appraisal methods, appears to be due to the inability of a individual theoretical account to accurately mensurate the value of a undertaking. Firms have hence resorted to utilizing a combination of appraisal methods in order to cut down likeliness of a disagreement between the existent and estimated gross and the cost of a undertaking. Surprisingly, the NPV was found to make the largest disagreement of all of the methods investigated, runing up to 20 per centum for undertakings with a lifetim e of over10 old ages and investing of more than ˆ80 million. [ 30 ] Furthermore, some industries, viz. support services and distribution and conveyance, were found to hold a greater inclination towards disagreements. Akalu farther maintains that a higher disagreement could take to low stockholder value in a company. [ 31 ] As a consequence, there is a turning displacement off from the usage of standard assessment methods towards newer theoretical accounts, peculiarly value direction theoretical accounts, or towards the application of techniques which may compromise the assessment procedure. [ 32 ] In fact the 2001 survey by Akalu and Turner confirms the increasing function that the DCF theoretical account is playing in stockholder value direction. In fact, a combination of both standard and value direction theoretical accounts are progressively being used. [ 33 ] These surveies contrast with a surprising determination by Hatzopoulos and Arnold who find that in the UK, the spread between the theoretical and practical usage of undertaking assessment methods are in fact narrowing. [ 34 ] Akalu and Turner farther find indicants of a displacement off from traditional and inactive theoretical accounts towards the more flexible value direction theoretical accounts such as stockholder value analysis, Economic Value Analysis ( EVA ) and Net Contribution to Value ( NCV ) , to back up traditional investing assessment techniques. [ 35 ] Additionally, a survey by Barfield finds that the usage of the stockholder value analysis ( SVA ) has allowed fiscal establishments to execute better than others. [ 36 ] This was taken to an even wider graduated table by Copeland et Al. who have found that states which apply SVA methodsare more value originative than others. [ 37 ] This paper has given an history of the assorted investing assessment methods used by companies to measure undertaking and has given an account of their assorted strengths and failings. This paper besides sought to give an history of the altering tendencies in the usage of these appraisal methods every bit good as an account for these displacements. The findings of this paper suggest that there is no 1 individual method that has been wholly been eliminated or advocated in footings of its practical usage today because of the different environments, industries every bit good as changing company and undertaking sizes. For the most portion, for every survey that was found to recommend a peculiar method and its growth usage today there was another that discredited it, doing it hard to truly arrive at a concluding decision of the existent current tendencies. However, it can be concluded that there is a turning tendency towards the combined usage of all of these methods at changing times of the undertaking life spans, to cut down likeliness of a disagreement between the existent and estimated gross and the cost of a undertaking. Finally, there besides appears to be a displacement by companies towards the usage of the more flexible value direction theoretical accounts which are ensuing in comparatively greater fiscal public presentation. Bibliography Akalu M. , ( 2002 )Measuring the Capacity of Standard Investment Appraisal Methods: Evidence from the patternTinbergen Institute Akalu, M. A ; Turner, R. ( 2001 )Investing Appraisal Process: A Case of Chemical Companies, Erasmus Research Institute of Management Akalu A ; Turner ( 2002 )Investing Appraisal Process in the Banking A ; Finance Industry: A Case Study,Erasmus Research Institute of Management Arnold, G. and Hatzopoulos, P. ( 2003 )The Theory-Practice Gap in Capital Budgeting: Evidence from the United Kingdom,Journal of Business Finance A ; Accounting Vol. 27, Issue 5, Amp. 6, P. 603-626 Gotze, U. , Northcott, D. A ; Schuster, P. ( 2007 )Investing Appraisal: Methods and Models, Springer Institute of Chartered Accounting England and Wales,Investing Appraisal Techniques,Kaplan Financials Ironss, A. ( 2004 )Capital Investing Appraisal, ACCA Global hypertext transfer protocol: //www.accaglobal.com Kuronen T. , ( 2007 )Capital Budgeting in a Capital Intensive Industry,Helsinki University of Technology McLaney, E. ( 2006 )Business Finance: Theory and Practice, 7ThursdayEdition, Pearson Education Pike, R. and Neale, B. ( 2006 )Corporate Finance and Investing: Decisions A ; Schemes,Pearson Education Sangster, A. ( 2006 )Capital Investment Appraisal Techniques: A Survey of Current Use, Journal of Business Finance A ; Accounting Vol. 20, Issue 3, P. 307-332 Jahnke, H. and Simons, D. ( 2008 )A Rationale for the Payback Criterion: An Application of Almost Stochastic Dominance to Capital Budgeting,Social Science Research Network Watson, D. A ; Head, A. ( 2007 )Corporate Finance: Principles and Practice, Pearson Education 1

Basic Prompts and Tips on College Essay Writing

Basic Prompts and Tips on College Essay Writing A set of great essay writing tips that help students write a winning college essay. A college essay is a great chance for students to show their best qualities and to convince the admission committee that they are better than other applicants. In situations, where two applicants appear equal, a compelling essay makes the difference. While reading such essays college admission officers will see that the student can write correctly and use logical arguments. The essay will also provide more information about the students personality. Tips on the Art of the College Essay Writing: There is no such thing as a ‘correct’ answer.  Universities get hundreds of responses and admission officers give students all kinds of essay topics. There is no one or several ‘correct’ answers to the same question; each college essay is individual and unique. Take your time.  Admission officers look through hundreds of essays, and it does become evident how much time the student has spent over the essay. Have fun.  Having fun in the process of the essay writing will be an advantage for you. That will probably make the application process less stressful. If students have fun writing their essays, admission committees will have fun reading them. Write about yourself.  An admission officer doesnt have a favorite type of essay. Some essays are funny, others are serious, and some are deeply personal. But favorite essays are the ones which are thoughtful and truly tell about a students personality. Five College Essay Writing Tips Writing an essay, you should keep some requirements in mind: 1. Avoid writing a general essay. Such generic essays contain too many abstractions and unsupported generalizations. They may be absolutely technically correct: very well-organized, full of complicated sentence structures and have ideal spelling, but reading them brings nothing but regret they are boring. 2. Begin with a snappy opening line. Start your essay in a compelling way. Here is a couple of winning opening lines: I change my name each time I place an order at Starbucks, I have old hands etc. 3. Pick a subject carefully. Dont use controversial and sensitive subjects. Subjects that you are not recommended to touch are politics, abortion, gun control etc. Try not to apologize or complain in your essay. 4. Find your voice. It really doesnt matter what you decide to write about. It is far more important to write from yourself; that way you will show admission officers why you are the best candidate. One more thing: the essay needs to reflect what your current personality, rather than explain who you were a long time ago. 5. Give your essay a two days rest. When youre done with your essay, put it aside for a day or two. You will probably be surprised how many changes you will want to make when you resume working with it. Best College Essay Prompts Narrative Analysis Narrative essays serve numerous purposes, but the most successful ones usually include three basic characteristics: they are well organized in time, contain a certain central point, and use specific details according to that point. Here are five typical narrative essay prompts: your first visit to a large city breakup of a friendship an experience that showed how we should be careful a significant misunderstanding a dangerous experience Description Descriptive essays need to attract significant attention to details. Whatever subject you choose, you should begin with making an observation and deciding which details are most important. Here are examples: an inspiring situation a street that leads to your home an accident scene backstage during a concert Process Analysis When you write an essay using process analysis, you should give your readers understanding whether the process has been carried out successfully or not. Here you are expected to describe the process step by step. Look at these examples: how to lose weight without losing your mind how to find the perfect roommate how to enjoy the weekend for less than $20 how to develop self-confidence how a particular accident occurred So the main thing you should really do is to gain experience in writing essays. With just a little bit of practice, you will be able to use a rich vocabulary, complicated literary constructions and various approaches to the pointed prompt, keeping in mind all the requirements of the structure. That is really an art to create an essay which will show the admission that you are the best candidate to accept. So treat it with a  proper attitude and do your best to create a masterpiece. COLLEGE APPLICATION ESSAY Please place your  order here  and we will jump right at it, with a guarantee that your essay will come up top quality, original and right in time!

CASE STUDY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

CASE STUDY - Essay Example George also needs to realize that it is not his wife’s fault and it is not due to her negligence that their daughter is unable to perform the basic activities of daily life. Among the primary things that he will have to realize is that he will have to step up and help his wife and child in this time and most importantly realize that without his support and patience, his family will suffer even more. Apart from George, I would want to see his wife Teresa and if possible, their children. In the case of Teresa, it is evident that she is suffering from severe depression which might have had an onset after the delivery of her daughter J.J. It is possible that she suffered from a severe case of Post-partum depression which was never treated and worsened into the depressive state that she is currently in. George has indicated that his wife shows an inability to remain emotionally calm and is often crying when he reaches home at night with L.B, his older child. This is indicative of the fact that Teresa is having trouble coping and due to the fact that she receives absolutely no moral and psychological support from anyone, her condition is worsening with time. By talking to Teresa, I would perform a depression assessment using discourse. I would also want to see George’s two children, L.B and J.J. The couple’s daughter three year old daughter is reportedly suffering from autism. The child supposedly cannot speak even though she is 3 years old. By seeing her I would like to confirm this prognosis. I would use the Psycho-educational Profile Revised (PEP-R) assessment for this child. For Teresa, the chosen assessment tool is discourse. This is due to the fact that her symptoms are clearly indicative of the fact that she is suffering from major depression and talking things out in depth with her is going to help me get to a concrete prognosis much quicker. The reason I

Project Management- MGMT412 - 1304B - 01 unit 4 Essay

Project Management- MGMT412 - 1304B - 01 unit 4 - Essay Example In our project, the senior executives have suggested a meeting ahead of schedule. These meeting will discuss of the progress of the project and how to move into the future. As a suggestion, the project schedule will change and the meeting with senior executives will need to be scheduled every month. As a result, we have to create a recurring task in our project schedule (Gido, 2009). This will be done as follows: a) The meeting will be scheduled within the second milestone when the project team are in the process of soliciting for requirements for the product design. The main reason for scheduling the meeting at this stage is based on several reasons such as: It will allow for progress of the project to carry on without major interruptions. Since if the meeting would have been scheduled after all requirements for the product had been finalized then the project team would have been forced to roll back on progress made. Consequently, a lot of resources and cost would be involved in the process of rolling back the project and this would be inappropriate for all project stakeholders (Gido, 2009). Since the senior executives are in charge of the project, their input in the project is indispensible and therefore it is imperative to undertake their wishes in fulfilling requirements for the product. ... Therefore, task 15 was the only task that was affected. Other tasks were not affected but resources used in task 15 were also affected in terms of reduction of costs. c) In terms of dependencies, the new task 16 will be dependent on task 15 and all other tasks such as 17 will be dependent on task 16 and its achievements. d) However, in terms of project changes or impact on the parameters of these changes, there will be no major change in the project. However, the meeting has been set as a recurring task with only one recurrence (Lewis, 2010). This was done in anticipation of future meetings. However, if the meeting is to recur and set on a monthly basis then, several resources and schedules will be affected. For instance, if the meeting is to recur for a second period then the project duration in the MPP file will change from 42 days to 56 days. References Gido, ?J. & Clements J. (2009). Successful Project Management. New York, NY: Cengage Learning. Lewis, J. (2010). Fundamentals of Project Management. Chicago, IL:

Personal Statement Essay Example for Free

Personal Statement Essay My academic background, which has been both varied and informed by different academic settings, has seen my succeeding as a student in South Korea, Guam, and Seattle. Because of the nature of my father’s job, I have had the rare opportunity to study and to learn in a variety of different educational settings with a variety of different intellectual approaches and cultural influences. My family and I arrived in Seattle from Guam in 2003; the family’s collective goal was to relocate in order to find better educational opportunities for my younger brother and myself. Though I had taken piano lessons for many years, I decided to pursue piano as a hobby while I devoted more attention to working part-time in order to finance my studies. As a student in Seattle, I soon learned that music and psychology were my passions and my music professor truly seemed to respect my musical ability and constantly encouraged me to pursue my musical interests. Taking my professor’s advice, two years ago on Christmas Eve, a Korean woman’s association had a party to raise money for a charity organization. Needing some form of entertainment, they invited me to perform a piece of music on stage during dinnertime. I played Schubert’s impromptu op 90. Eb major. I was nervous but on the other hand I felt delighted and hoped it wouldn’t be the last performing in public and for a worthy charitable cause. Music, in sum, allows me to blend my personal passions with my academic talents in a manner that can be used to benefit society. In terms of my career goals, and my specific interest in the University of Washington, the fact is that Id like to transfer to this university because I want to learn from experts with more experience and to share my interests with peers with similar goals and aspirations. My greatest dream, is to comfort peoples’ hearts as a Music Therapist. I genuinely enjoy sharing what I have learned with everyone and I am most delighted when I sing with people while playing piano. I enjoy getting to know peoples’ minds and emotions because I have empathy and this influences my musical styles and performances. Personally, for example, I have played synthesizer in church bands throughout Korea, Guam and Seattle, and gave my time to serve as a music tutor to many students. If I’m admitted into this school, Id like to be attend in schools choir and jazz club. Sharing, both personally and academically, is the greatest way to learn and the greatest way to give back to the community/ Culture, in my view, is a manifestation of diversity. That excellence cannot be attained without diversity it seems, in the modern world, to be a rather intuitive deduction. Such a deduction is perfectly consistent with the underlying nature of any intellectually honest type of inquiry. A thesis must be formulated, tested against all of the available data, and conclusions drawn. Diversity contributes, indeed it is a necessary ingredient, for any type of rigorous analysis. Social truths cannot exist in a vacuum; truths must be tested in the real world and with real people rather than with imaginary prototypes that do not reflect the true diversity of opinion and contrary world views that reflect both our own society and the world at large. What might seem a perfectly plausible theory to one individual might seem extraordinarily unjust to another individual; a traditional approach that seems to one individual to bring the greatest good to society to another individual might threaten to socially ostracize minority opinions; and, finally, ethnocentric views inhibit academic inquiry whereas culturally diverse pools of learners break down biases and contribute to more meaningful discussions and theoretical paradigms. In the final analysis, the University of Washington is an ideal setting in which to study and shares ideas that have profound social implications As a young person already immersed in an increasingly multicultural community and world, I am especially interested in the emphasis given to multicultural approaches at the University of Washington. Such an approach, respecting and encouraging both personal development and academic development through the embrace of different cultural values and perspectives, lends itself exceptionally well to my own goals and aspirations. One of the causes of so much conflict in the world today can be attributed to a lack of effective communication that results in unnecessary misunderstandings and confusion. In reality, in my experience, people around the world have so many positive characteristics and dreams in common. People throughout the world desire peaceful environments in which to live; people desire to pursue harmonious relationships with family members and neighbors; and, most of all, people desire to avoid conflicts that are damaging in so many ways.

Views Of Matter Essay -- essays research papers fc

What exactly is matter, it is not an every day question that one asks one’s own self. When looked at there are many different views on this subject, however because of the numerous numbers of different views, it is only possible to look at three of the discourses. The three discourses of matter to be looked at are; the Religious, Scientific, and Philosophical. Each discourse has evolved through time into the views that we know, and accept today. The distinction between these views on matter differs greatly, however it is possible to say that all three views came from the same place. This place being ancient Greece; it was their belief in gods that brought about religion, philosophy, and then science. The scientific view of matter has evolved over time. Science for many centuries has been accompanied by philosophical thought, throughout time the mixture of the two is very evident. The beginnings of western science, namely physics, coincide with that of the first period of Greek philosophers. Physics is in fact a term derived from the Greek word â€Å"physis† which means â€Å"the endeavor of seeing the essential nature of all things† (Capra, 1977, p. 9). The basic ideas evolved from the Greek philosophers, and philosophy remained a big part of science right up until the Newtonian view of the universe. Newton had a mechanistic view of the universe. He saw the universe as a three dimensional space. This space was unchangeable and always stagnant. â€Å"In Newton’s own words, â€Å"Absolute space, in its own nature, without regard to anything external, remains always similar and immovable.† All changes in the physical world were described in terms of a separate dimension, called time, which again was absolute, having no connection to the material world and flowing smoothly, from the past through the present to the future.† (Capra, 1977, p. 43). The things, which made up the absolute space and time, were material particles. These were perceived by Newton to be a part of all matter, as well as indestructible. Newton’s views were very parallel to those of the early Greek atomists. â€Å"Both were based on the distinction between the full and the void, between matter and space, and in both models the particles remained always identical in their mass and shape.† (Capra, 1977, p. 43). The difference between these two views came in the forces that acted upon the particles. The early Greeks... ...nce. Thus the different views on matter are 1. Religion: God created All matter. 2. Science: All matter is made up of tiny particles, (molecules/atoms) which have forces that act upon them to create movement. 3. Philosophy: Questions the existence of matter (what is real?) and shows why it exists if indeed it does. Religion is mystical and is supernatural, and believes that God has created all matter. Science got its beginnings from early philosophers, but when philosophers moved away from the question of what is something made of, to the question of; does it exist? Science still tried to prove our existence, through what matter is made of. Religion and philosophy differ in that religion has an answer to the question of the existence of matter. This is the same for science; it has proved that there are tiny particles called atoms that make up every thing. So of the three discourses, philosophy is the only one still searching for an answer to the question of the existence of matter. Bibliography Capra, Fritjof. The Tao of physics. Bantam Books, Toronto, 1977. Russell, B. The problem of philosophy. A Galaxy Book, New York, 1959. Durkhiem, E. Elementary focus of the religious life.

European Cars Are Better Than Japanese Essay

The design is specialized to cater to the specific needs of a consumer. Every country in the world manufactures its own cars, whether it is Japan, America or Europe. European cars are vastly superior to Japanese cars when examining performance, design and safety. The key feature that makes European cars better than all other cars is performance. Performance of a care is judge by how well the, brakes, suspension, traction, transmission and engine work. When European car manufacturers talks about performance they are referring to power generated by the car. European cars manufacturers combine all the aspects of performance to create an extraordinarily spectacular engine, which has maximum horse power and torque. Some European cars engines are hand-built, which helps delivers performance at a perfect level. Power from the engine has to be delivered to the wheels; transmission plays a vital role in delivering the power and speed from the engine to wheels. Car manufacturers in Europe develop a transmission system which is particularly adept at applying output so that it can be delivered quickly, smoothly and efficiently when called upon. European car manufacturers are especially renowned for their designs, because their designs allow precision in handling, efficiency in engine performance and good brakes. An efficient power output of the engine leads to an increased maximum speed limit that the car can reach. To maximize the speed that a car can reach the external shape of the body of a car is designed with special care as well. When European car manufacturers talk about speed, they keep in mind the aerodynamics of the car. Designers ensure that the car has a streamlined body shape, which reduces air resistance experienced by a car while it is in motion. In addition, aerodynamics designing provides for the external appearance of the car to look elegant, fashionable, artistic and sensational. European cars are made out of high-strength steel body panels make the safer when an impact takes place. They are manufactured with 7 different air bags inside the care to avoid the impact and causing the driver and passenger to be much safer. If a car can reach high speeds in a short span of time then it needs good brakes. European engineers ensure safety and handling does not become an issue for the driver and the passenger by providing an anti-lock braking system. This system prevents the car from skidding and allows the driver with greater control over the car because due to the anti-braking system the wheels of the car are only gradually reduced in speed. Rather than bringing the wheels of the car to an abrupt halt, the brakes of the car provide with better independent suspension for each wheel, which can help withstand shocks and bumps. European cars are superior in performance design and safety. Japanese cars lack behind in performance when compared to European cars. They have weaker and lighter engines, which only reduce the manufacturing cost, but result in giving a poor performance. Japanese car engines are manufactured on low budget. The lack in use of technology during the production makes the cars less reliable, because the finished engine does not produce much power. Less power means less torque and horsepower. Production companies in Japan manufacture engines using heavy equipment and machinery. This allows them to produce cars in a greater quantity, but there is no guarantee for quality . Japanese engineers focus on building lighter engines which gives more gas millage. Japanese cars are designed using weaker body structures making the car lighter. They use to steel alloy to manufacture the exterior of the less expensive material. Exterior of the car is brittle enough to not to withstand an impact, hence making less safe. Japanese cars are not safest car in the world. To avoid the cost to manufacture the car, they use disk brakes which have a higher risk of worning out faster than anti-lock brakes. They use one suspension for two pair of wheel, which causes to feel the smallest shock and bump while ridding the car. Japanese car don’t use that much technology to make their car safe enough. European cars are superior to Japanese cars. They are better in performance, design and safety. European cars are comfortable, luxurious and high end cars. Japanese cars are ordinary and standard cars. Japanese cars are cheaper that European, but buying an expensive car gives you a lot of option to enjoy the ride of the car. , and produce products with a superior passenger cabin but employ lower standards outside of the cabin. Disk brakes, Alloy Wheels, and Brake Override Systems have been standard on most mid-size domestic cars for years, yet are still optional or non-existent on many major Japanese mid-size cars being sold today. Anti-lock braking system (ABS) is an automobile safety system that allows the wheels on a motor vehicle to maintain tractive contact with the road surface according to driver inputs while braking preventing the wheels from locking up (ceasing rotation) and avoiding uncontrolled skidding. It is an automated system that uses the principles of threshold braking and cadence braking which were practised by skilful drivers with previous generation braking systems. It does this at a much faster rate and with better control than a driver could manage. With 72% of its body panels made from high-strength steel, theody structure is even more rigid than its renowned predecessors. The advanced front crumple zone has been refined with approximately 17,000 computer-simulated collisions and 150 crash tests. An innovative front bulkhead and deformation zones that act on four independent levels to help divert the energy of a frontal impact under, over and around the passenger cabin.

Master Harold and the Boys Critical Analysis

Master Harold†¦ and the Boys Athol Fugard’s Master Harold†¦ and the Boys is an instant classic that does a superior job at encompassing the complex of racial hierarchies and interracial friendships that existed in South Africa in the mid-20th century. Set in 1950 the play follows the everyday lives of its two main protagonists: Hally, a white, seventeen year old male discontented with his schooling, and Sam, a middle-aged, black servant of Hally’s family.During this period the rigid racial structure of Apartheid remained dominant in the nation, institutionalizing the already understood separation of disenfranchised blacks and privileged whites. These de jur social classifications cannot however denounce the observable friendly relationship that Hally and Sam share. With Sam practically having raised Hally due to the boy’s drunk for a father the racial tensions of the relationship seem initially to be nonexistent.This all changes during the moment of eng agement when the primary opposing force of the work is revealed: Hally’s alcoholic father is rumored to be returning home from the hospital despite his family’s cries against the act. Distraught and trapped between his filial duties and disdain for the man who neglected him, the underlying racial tensions of the play come to light with this recognition. In order to compensate for his lack of control in the situation, Hally takes to hurling insults at Sam, who is actively trying to pacify the marauding emotions of a teenage boy to no avail.The audience is left asking themselves the dramatic question: â€Å"Will Hally cross the precariously small line between venting his anger and becoming overtly racist? † More broadly as well we can ask, â€Å"What are the implications of an oppressive racial hierarchy on interracial friendships? Within the text the protagonist Sam appears to be the voice of reason as well as the primary proponent of peace (Jacobus, 1395).From reprimanding his foil character Willie for beating his wife to restraining himself with saint-like temperance during the climax, Sam never acts illogically or violently (Jacobus, 1410). Contrarily, Sam displays inquisitive preplanning by relating a story prior to Hally’s fall from grace that serves only to color the boys shame after his regrettable act during the climax. The super-objective of Sam therefore is to maintain order and harmony in an otherwise chaotic household rooted in an already racially oppressive regime.Tactics such as relating a heartfelt memory in the form of a story (distraction), attempting to reason with Hally as to convince him to check his reaction (reasoning), and when all else fails parental-like reprimanding (appeal to authority) all reinforce the image of Sam as a peaceful, reasonable protagonist. Opposite this cool, collective nature exists our second protagonist: Hally. Hosting underlying supremacist ideology, Hally exhibits all of the emotional inconsistencies of a teenage boy along with the inability to properly handle stress.From the point of attack until the moment of engagement one can see examples of Hally talking down to Sam despite the age difference and authoritative roles between the two. â€Å"God, you’re impossible. I showed it to you in black and white. It’s the likes of you that kept the Inquisition in business. It’s called bigotry†¦ (Jacobus, 1399). The super-objective for this troubled youth is the solidification of authority as to pacify his sense of helplessness due to his father’s return.Unable to convince his mother of detaining his father at the hospital for a longer time, Hally slips from the angry boy he once was upon initially hearing the news into an irate, power-starved child (Jacobus, 1409-1410). This shift in personality further enforces the dramatic question as Hally edges ever closer to the point of no return in his language, chastising Sam and directing his an ger towards a â€Å"safe† target protected by the racial hierarchy.The introductory incident in Master Harold†¦ and the Boys is the moment when Hally receives a call from his mother stating his father’s desire to return home. Eventually convinced of the impossibility and distracted by his school work, the thought nevertheless preoccupies our young protagonist’s mind, coloring each action and reaction throughout the rest of the play. The moment of engagement is closely married to the introductory incident in this work as the audience’s intriguing moment is parallel to Hally’s emotional commitment to the idea of his father’s return.Unable to divorce his mind from this subtle inkling of helplessness, Hally’s tone sharpens considerably as he attempts to solidify his own authority through discourse with Sam coupled with sharp remarks. â€Å"Don’t try to be clever, Sam. It doesn’t suit you. Anybody who thinks thereâ€⠄¢s nothing wrong with this world needs to have his head examined. † (Jacobus, 1403). The major peripetie of the work occurs when Hally’s mother phones again to confirm his worse fear: his father is adamant about his return home.At this point all civil facades are dashed by Hally in a vain attempt to solidify his own importance though coupled with the genuine emotional struggle of a young boy at odds with his father. Searching for an outlet the rising action of the play takes a dramatic turn from a slight incline to a steep hill as Hally visibly changes gears from distraught and confused to violently offensive. â€Å"And I’m telling you you don’t! Nobody does. (Speaking carefully as his shame turns to rage at Sam. ) It’s your turn to be careful, Sam. Very careful! You’re trading on dangerous ground. Leave me and my father alone! (Jacobus, 1409). Here, the author transitions the rising action from its lackadaisical yet worrisome progression t o a full sprint towards a disastrous climax as Hally finds a socially acceptable outlet for his rage. During the climax the dramatic question posed is answered: Hally indeed steps far over the line into not only overtly racist but derogatory territory, going so far as to spit in Sam’s face when he attempts to defend himself. Sam’s super-objective of pacifying the situation is obvious as relations between the two protagonists degrade ever further as Hally relentlessly attacks Sam.From consoling Hally and letting him know he is empathetic to attempting to reason with the rogue boy, Sam can’t seem to escape the teenagers wrath as Hally goes so far as to grab Sam by the arm and force him to listen to the irate ramblings of a destitute youth. Super-objectives clash as Hally refuses to relent and release his foothold of authority despite taking the friendship into dangerously precarious territory. â€Å"†¦Then I have to ask ‘What, chum? ’ and then h e says: ‘a nigger’s arse’†¦ and we both have a good laugh. † (Jacobus, 1410).At this point the climax is in full swing, but it is not yet complete as Hally still refuses to desist. After suffering enough of the young â€Å"master’s† blatantly racist comments Sam decides to show Hally his â€Å"arse†, a reasonable action considering the stunningly distasteful joke just delivered by Hally. Instead of realizing the pain he has caused his lifelong guardian, the pious boy instead spits in the face of Sam in order to further satisfy his authority. Enraged at this disrespectful act, Sam mulls over the idea of striking the boy the put him in his place.Realizing the implications of this perceived action (either death or exile), the Basuto servant instead decides to relate the rest of the kite story to Hally, providing details that were previously omitted. It was not due to work that Sam was unable to join Hally on the park bench many years ago; it was due to the racist institution of apartheid that barred interracial friendships and meeting points. Framing the entirety of the play, apartheid was the social system in which the nation of South Africa institutionalized racism in 1948.Dividing the major cities into racial sections, the majority ethnicity, blacks, were not allowed to interact with whites other than for work opportunity. Horrendously oppressed and misrepresented, the minority of whites controlled nearly every aspect of life for the disenfranchised majority including establishing â€Å"native† provinces in the north to which many blacks were relocated despite having no affiliation with the region. As one can assume the judicial system was also heavily skewed in this atmosphere, resulting in most interracial cases being ruled in favor of the rich white minority.It is with this knowledge that one can begin to understand why Sam would take such abuse with no apparent grievance. It is not only due to his love for Hally that he restrains himself, but the racist reality in which the story takes place that drives Sam into the arms of complacency (Cornwell). This heartfelt relation completely nullifies Hally’s defenses as the young boy is left speechless and self-loathing and the falling action of the play leaves the audience stunned. Still impacted by the news of his returning father, Hally now realizes that his senseless pursuit of authority has only brought ruin to his most cherished relationship.The system of apartheid introduced a failsafe in which even a powerless white teenager could exert utmost authority over a well-spoken and respectable black man; unable to satiate his need for power elsewhere Hally instinctively turned towards this hostile system for reassurance rather than to the arms of his oldest comrades. One is left considering the implications of the thematic question: what are the implications of an oppressive racial hierarchy on an interracial friendship? The answers are obvious less glamorous than they are pitiable. Works CitedCornwell, Gareth. â€Å"’A Teaspoon of Milk in a Bucketful of Coffee:’ The Discourse of Race Relations in Early Twentieth-Century South Africa. † English in Africa 38. 3 (2011): p. 9-33. Belk Library Information Commons. Web. 2 Oct. 2012. < http://0-ehis. ebscohost. com. wncln. wncln. org/ehost/detail? sid=c33825fd-b951-4f8c-ac22-a04d51f7a864%40sessionmgr104&vid=1&hid=101&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=a9h&AN=72102587> Jacobus, Lee A. Master Harold†¦ and the Boys. 2009. The Bedford Introduction to Drama. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2009. 1394-411. Print.

Essay on In the Time of the Butterflies Essays

Essay on In the Time of the Butterflies Essays Essay on In the Time of the Butterflies Paper Essay on In the Time of the Butterflies Paper Her Everlasting Faith Death is a word associated with loss, grief and sadness, but in the novel In the Time of the Butterflies we see death in a whole new perspective; martyrdom. Strong, independent, caring, honest, and having firm beliefs are all characteristics we see in a martyr especially in Patria. In the novel we explore the wonders of Julia Alvarezs writing and get to witness Patria as a martyr and an individual who fought for the right of women against a dictator: Trujillo. As an individual, Patrias personality can e best characterized as someone who firmly sticks to their beliefs and has faith in everything and everyone. Patrias drive to become someone notable after dealing with misfortune after misfortune makes Patria the strongest sister to die in In the Time of the Butterflies. Patrias personality can be better explained through this quote; From the [beginning] I felt it snug in my heart, the pearl of great price. No one had to tell me to believe in god or to love everything that lives I did automatically like a shoot inching its way towards the light (Alvarez 44). Patrias faith and belief in verything that [lives] makes her come off as being naive and blinded by her faith; because she believes god can do no wrong in the world along with Trujillo. Patrias caring nature for the people surrounding her shows a great deal of strength and confidence within herself, but even when she was born Patria lowered her arms the way you fold in a captive birds wings so it doesnt hurt itself trying to fly (Alvarez 44). This particular quote shows that [anyone] can have all the confidence in the world, but its what you do with that confidence that makes a difference. In this case when Patria lowers her arms back down (Alvarez 44) she is showing wavers in her strength; in spite of this protective move, Patria is still a strong person; Patria wouldnt be the person she is without the strength she had to keep building up following devastating tragedies. Even though Patria has a strong belief in god and Trujillo her faith is sometimes tested, because of others experiences with god and Trujillo. The moment I understood her hatred, my family had not been personally hurt by Trujillo Just as before losing my baby. Jesus had not taken anything away from me. There was the Perozos, not a man left in that family and Martinez Reyna and his wife murdered in their bed and thousands of Haitians murdered at the border. Making the river they say still red. I had heard but not believed. How could our all loving father let us suffer? I looked up challenging him and the two faces merged (Alvarez 53). Patria is exposed to the truth that Trujillo was not the god-like entity she perceived him to be. In Patrias mind there is no separation between god and Trujillo; they are one. Patria is finally coming face to face with the problems within the Dominican Republic. This revelation foreshadows how Patria will become involved with the regime and what part she might play. An ordinary person can be considered a martyr, but Patria Mirabal is anything, but an ordinary person. She is a fghter who is willing to risk anything and everything to make even the smallest of difference in the world. Martin Luther King Jr. , Abraham Lincoln, and Gandhi are all symbols of what a martyr is; someone who dies for a Patria is the ultimate martyr, because of whom she is as a person and in which the way she died. Coming down the mountain I was a changed woman. I may have worn the same sweet face, but now I was crying not Just my child but that dead boy as well. My stillborn of thirteen years ago, my murdered son of a few hours ago I cried all the way down that mountain. I looked out the spider-webbed window of that bullet- riddled car at brothers, sisters, sons, daughters, one and all, my human family. Then I tried looking up at our Father, but I couldnt see His Face for the dark smoke hiding the tops of those mountains. I made myself pray so I wouldnt cry. But my prayers sounded more like I was trying to pick a fght. Im not going to sit back and watch my babies die, Lord, even if thats what you in your great wisdom decides (Alvarez 162). Witnessing a death to such a young child can change a person in many ways and when Patria watches the young boy get shot down, something inside her is triggered. Faith is a key factor in this novel and comes into play when Patria realizes that shes Not going to sit back and watch my [babies] die, lord even if thats what you and your great wisdom decides (Alvarez 162). Patria is willing to go against everything she elieves is right to protect the people of the Dominican Republic, because there is no greater family then the one youVe suffered with and thrived with. Patria is fghting with every ounce of strength she has to make right what Trujillo has failed to do as their Dictator. The minute I walked into that room, I knew something had changed in the way the lord Jesus would be among us. No longer was there the liturgical chatter of how San Zenon had made the day sunny for a granddaughters wedding or how Santa Lucia had cured the cows pink-eye. That room was silent with the fury of venging angels sharpening their radiance before they strike (Alvarez 163). Entering the room Patria is almost hesitant, she wants to do whats right for herself and the society, but once she Joins the regime her [faith] will seem even to her non-existent. Patria is in disbelief at what is unraveling before her. l couldnt believe this was the same Padre de Jesus who several months back hadnt known his faith from his fear! But then again, here in that little room was the same Patria Mercedes who wouldnt have hurt a butterfly, shouting, Amen to the revolution. (Alvarez 163-164). People can change for the better or for the worse; Patria realizes this as she watches angry men and women ready to fght even at the cost of death. She finally understands that the people that where silenced by fear had endured enough, and what shocks her even more isnt the fact that they are going against their once beloved god, its that here she was saying Amen to the revol ution (Alvarez 164) standing before her sisters proud to say she is a part of something that can make the Dominican Republic a better place for her [family]. This is Patrias martyrdom to leave this world the way he had entered with; pride, strength, confidence, and faith not Just in god anymore, faith within herself that she made a change in the Dominican Republic. People may mourn the loss of a woman of Patrias caliber, but her death meant something not just to her family to the world and who can ask for a better reward than that? An ordinary person can be defined as a martyr, but it depends on what your definition of a martyr is. Strong, independent, caring, honest, and having firm beliefs are all characteristics we see in a martyr especially in Patria. A martyr usually has strong aith in beliefs and people. Faith can be defined as having complete trust or religion, based on spiritual apprehension rather than proof. Early In The Time Of The Butterflies by Julia Alvarez, we witness Patrias unwavering faith and belief that Trujillo and God are fully trusted and their power in her life is unquestioned, however as the story progresses, the faith Patria has in both Trujillo and God falters. Since the level of faith Patria has wavers and loses strength throughout the story, can we say that Patrias faith is really everlasting? Yes we can say that faith is everlasting, ut we can also say that everlasting faith does not necessarily mean it is a strong faith, it can be weaker. Also in In the Time of the Butterflies by Julia Alvarez, the blind trust Patria placed in God and Trujillo was doubted because she had more evidence that they should not be trusted without question; again does this mean that Patria no longer trusts these two powerful beings? No this Just means that her trust had diminished. Strong faith and trust in powerful entities can be everlasting, however the strength does not have to be strong or weak it Just has to be present.

Reasons to Learn French

Reasons to Learn French There are all kinds of reasons to learn a foreign language in general and French in particular. Lets start with the general. Why Learn a Foreign Language? Communication An obvious reason to learn a new language is to be able to communicate with the people who speak it. This includes both the people you meet when traveling as well as people in your community. Your trip to another country will be greatly enhanced in both ease of communication and friendliness if you speak the language. Speaking anothers language shows respect for that culture, and people in every country prefer it when tourists make an effort to speak the local language, even if all you can say in it is hello and please. Also, learning another language can also help you to communicate with local immigrant populations at home. Cultural Understanding Speaking a new language helps you to get to know other people and their culture, as language and culture go hand in hand. Because language simultaneously defines and is defined by the world around us, learning another language opens ones mind to new ideas and new ways of looking at the world. For example, the fact that many languages have more than one translation of you indicates that these languages (and the cultures that speak them) place a greater emphasis on distinguishing between audiences than does English. French distinguishes between tu (familiar) and vous (formal/plural), while Spanish has five words that indicate one of four categories: familiar/singular (tà º or vos, depending on the country), familiar/plural (vosotros), formal/singular (Ud) and formal/plural (Uds). Meanwhile, Arabic distinguishes between nta (masculine singular), nti (feminine singular), and ntuma (plural). In contrast, English uses you for masculine, feminine, familiar, formal, singular, and plural. The fact that these languages have such different ways of looking at you indicates cultural differences between the people who speak them: French and Spanish focus on familiarity vs. formality, while Arabic emphasizes gender. This is just one example of many of the linguistic and cultural differences between languages. Also, when you speak another language, you can enjoy literature, film, and music in the original language. It is extremely difficult for a translation to be a perfect replica of the original; the best way to understand what the author meant is to read what the author wrote. Business and Careers Speaking more than one language is a skill which will increase your marketability. Schools and employers tend to prefer candidates who speak one or more foreign languages. Even though English is widely spoken in much of the world, the fact is that the global economy depends on communication. When dealing with France, for example, someone who speaks French will have an obvious advantage over someone who doesnt. Language Enhancement Learning another language can help you to understand your own. Many languages have contributed to the development of English, so learning those will teach you where words and even grammatical structures are from, and augment your vocabulary to boot. Also, in learning how another language differs from your own, you will increase your understanding of your language. For many people, language is innate- we know how to say something, but we dont necessarily know why we say it that way. Learning another language can change that.Each subsequent language you study will be, in some respects, a little easier, because youve already learned how to learn another language. Plus, if the languages are related, such as French and Spanish, German and Dutch, or Arabic and Hebrew, some of what youve already learned will apply to the new language as well, making the new language that much easier. Test Scores As years of foreign language study increase, math and verbal SAT scores increase. Children who study a foreign language often have higher standardized test scores in math, reading, and language arts. Foreign language study can help to increase problem-solving skills, memory, and self-discipline. Why Learn French? If you are a native English speaker, one of the best reasons to learn French is to help you understand your language. Although English is a Germanic language, French has had an enormous impact on it. French is the largest donor of foreign words in English. Unless your English vocabulary is much higher than average,  learning French  will greatly increase the number of English words you know. French is spoken as a native language in more than two dozen countries on five continents. Depending on your sources, French is either the 11th or the 13th most common native language in the world, with 72 to 79 million native speakers and another 190 million secondary speakers. French is the second most commonly taught second language in the world (after English), making it a real possibility that speaking French will come in handy practically anywhere you travel. French in Business In 2003, the United States was Frances leading investor, accounting for 25% of the new jobs created in France from foreign investment. There are 2,400 US companies in France generating 240,000 jobs. American companies with offices in France include IBM, Microsoft, Mattel, Dow Chemical, SaraLee, Ford, Coca-Cola, ATT, Motorola, Johnson  Ã‚  Johnson, Ford, and  Hewlett Packard. France is the second leading investor in the United States: more than 3,000 French companies have subsidiaries in the US and generate some 700,000 jobs, including Mack Trucks, Zenith, RCA-Thomson, Bic, and Dannon. French in the United States French is the 3rd most frequently spoken  non-English  language in US homes and the second most commonly taught foreign language in the United States (after Spanish). French in the World French is an official working language in dozens of  international organizations, including the United Nations, the International Olympic Committee, and the International Red Cross. French is the lingua franca of culture, including art, cuisine, dance, and fashion. France has won more Nobel Prizes for literature than any other country in the world and is one of the top producers of international films. French is the second most frequently used language on the internet. French is ranked as the 2nd most influential language in the world. Oh, and one other thing- Spanish is  not  easier than French! Sources Admissions Testing Program of the College Board. France in the U.S.  Franco-American Business Ties Rock Solid,  News from France  vol 04.06, May 19, 2004. Rhodes, N. C., Branaman, L. E. Foreign language instruction in the United States: A national survey of elementary and secondary schools. Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems, 1999. Summer Institute for Linguistics Ethnologue Survey, 1999. United States Census, Ten Languages Most Frequently Spoken at Home Other than English and Spanish: 2000, figure 3. Weber, George. The Worlds 10 Most Influential Languages, Language Today, Vol. 2, Dec 1997.

Child Adoptions (Domestic vs International) Research Paper

Child Adoptions (Domestic vs International) - Research Paper Example There are two forms of adoption: international and domestic. Domestic adoption is carried out within a native country of the child. On the other hand, international adoption involves adopting a child from a foreign country. Of the two, international adoption is more involving and hectic. The following discourse seeks to assert that international adoption is more complicated than the domestic one. Introduction Child adoption refers to the process through which a person who is not the biological parent of a child assumes parental responsibilities. The process entails the transfer of all rights and privileges of having the child thereby making one responsible for the child’s welfare. Most common reason for adoption is barrenness (Bharat 32). Unlike guardianship in which a person takes care of a child belonging to the biological parents, adoption provides one with permanent ownership of the child thereby taking full responsibilities and rights of parenting the child. These include renaming the child which is always giving the child a new family name. Additionally, the child assumes the rights and privileges of the new family. Adopted children have the right to inheritance, and consideration in important family functions. The process is emotionally engaging and requires effective consideration. There are two types of adoption: domestic and the international adoptions. ... Discussion International adoption would most likely introduce a child to a totally different culture an aspect that may lead to culture shock. Consequently, getting used to a new culture in the case of international adoption would mean that it is more complicated especially if compared with the domestic one where one is mostly likely to be adopted within the same culture. This is normally the case since the international adoption involves taking a child to a new country. In such a case, the child would be exposed to a new experience since the demographical differences between the adopting and country of origin would be quite imminent. A child would therefore find it quite difficult to cope up with life in the new country. As expected, it would take some time before an adopted child fully adapts to life in the new country. This contributes to the complication in the process in case of international adoption. Legal and constitutional differences between countries complicate internation al adoption. Individual countries have their own regulations and legal practices which their citizens must adhere to before adopting a child. This is usually outlined in the constitutions. The differences in the legal frameworks between countries thus come as a hurdle while adopting a child. For instance, some countries outlaw homosexuality. In such countries, a couple which is homosexual would not be allowed be considered as married. In other nations, people who are homosexuals adopt children who they take care of (Leslie 22). Therefore, an international adoption where a gay person would seek to adopt a child from a country where homosexuality is outlawed would be complicated. This highlights how the process of international adoption might be